化疗机制与毒副作用防控(专业版)
化疗是指使用化学药物杀灭癌细胞,它是治疗癌症最有效的手段之一。与仅适用于局部治疗的手术、放疗不同,化疗是一种全身性治疗,对于潜在的和已经发生转移的癌症均可治疗。
英文名称:Chemotherapy and control of its side effects
化疗可用于:
化疗药分类及作用机制,主要包括如下:
根据患者不同情况和治疗目的,化疗以多种策略进行治疗,通常分为如下:
一些天然化合物表现出与癌细胞的许多相互作用,这可增强化疗药的抗癌细胞毒性。癌细胞具有高度发达的机制,以摆脱毒素和降解细胞毒剂,包括化疗药物。癌细胞消除毒素的一个关键机制取决于P-糖蛋白,这种蛋白在癌细胞膜中大量存在,可将化学治疗剂泵出癌细胞。实际上,P-糖蛋白是癌症多重耐药的主因之一。几种天然化合物,例如,绿茶中的茶多酚(EGCG)、金雀异黄酮、姜黄素和槲皮素可抑制P-糖蛋白1,2。
天然化合物改善化疗药细胞毒性的另一种方式是通过阻止活性药物代谢成无活性化合物。这是紫杉醇化疗药特别关注的问题,因为它很容易分解成肝脏中的无活性代谢物。某些天然化合物,包括槲皮素和多酚非瑟酮,在人类肝脏代谢的临床前模型中,可以阻止这种降解3。
许多天然产物已被证明具有作为化疗增敏剂的潜力,包括如下:
一项针对结肠癌耐药细胞的研究发现,姜黄素增强了对5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)的化学敏感性7。姜黄素在子宫颈癌症的细胞培养和动物模型中增加了对紫杉醇的敏感性,并增强了顺铂在喉癌干细胞中的抗肿瘤作用8,9。此外,姜黄素已经证明其自身的抗癌作用,因此可能作为常规癌症治疗的辅助药物10。
在另一项临床试验中,晚期乳癌患者接受了环磷酰胺、5-FU和表阿霉素以及DHA补充剂。25名患者在化疗前7-10天和化疗5个月内每天服用1.8g DHA。试验结束时,补充DHA后血浆DHA水平增加最多的患者中位生存率显著提高,疾病进展时间更长。对于DHA水平增加最多的患者,中位总生存期为34个月,而DHA水平增加最少的参与者为18个月。DHA水平增加更明显的患者其延续时间也更长:8.7个月对3.5个月。研究人员得出结论,DHA可以化学增敏肿瘤20。一项实验室研究支持了这一观点,在该研究中,鱼油使直肠癌细胞对5-FU、奥沙利铂和伊立替康敏感21。
2015年一项针对14名晚期癌症患者的临床研究发现,大剂量静脉注射维生素C与化疗相结合是安全且耐受性良好的。事实上,三名患有不同类型癌症的患者出现了意想不到的暂时疾病稳定,报告能量水平升高,并经历了功能改善29。
1. 疲劳:这是化疗最常见的副作用。化疗可导致疲惫、极度虚弱、抑郁、注意力难集中以及总体感觉不适等。综合干预可能采用的天然成分如下:
2. 免疫抑制和血液相关的并发症:骨髓抑制是化疗最严重和常见的副作用之一,可导致低红血细胞(贫血)、低白细胞(白细胞减少症)和低血小板(血小板减少症),使患者常伴有发烧甚至危及生命的感染,以至于终止化疗治疗。有助于综合干预的天然成分如下:
3. 恶心和呕吐:化疗引起的恶心和呕吐、食欲不振是常见副作用,这可能导致营养不良、体重下降,以及疲劳、焦虑等,甚至影响治疗效果。顺铂、多柔比星和环磷酰胺等化疗药已知存在这类副作用。
4. 周围神经病变:化疗可以损害周围神经(外周神经),导致刺痛、疼痛和麻木等症状,特别是在四肢端,这被称为化疗诱导的周围神经病变(CIPN)。其他器官系统,如消化系统和心血管系统,也含有外周神经,因此CIPN会导致便秘和心律失常等症状,CIPN在接受化疗的患者中发生率高达70%64。不幸的是,截至2017年,没有任何药物被批准用于治疗CIPN,也没有预防药物。对文献的严格审查发现,没有足够的证据得出抗抑郁药或抗惊厥药可以降低CIPN的结论65。
几种具有神经保护和神经再生作用的几种综合干预天然物质包括如下:
5. 心脏毒性:对心脏和血管的毒性损伤是化疗的常见并发症,特别是阿霉素、表柔比星和柔红霉素等抗肿瘤抗生素化疗药,其他包括顺铂、紫杉醇和多西他赛以及5-FU等存在同样副作用79。心脏毒性可在化疗后不久或很久出现,并且可能从亚临床心肌功能障碍到心力衰竭不等80,氧化应激是许多化疗药心脏毒性的核心机制81。
可综合干预的天然化合物如下:
心脏细胞线粒体在其线粒体内膜上含有一种独特的酶(NADH脱氢酶),这种酶在其他非心脏线粒体中不存在。这种酶将蒽环类药物转化为导致严重氧化应激的物质,对线粒体DNA造成不可逆的损伤,并破坏线粒体能量代谢。这种损害导致心脏细胞死亡,这就是蒽环类药物心脏毒性的原因。辅酶Q10似乎可以防止线粒体损伤,防止蒽环类药物诱导的心肌病。在阿霉素毒性的临床研究中使用的辅酶Q10的剂量范围为每天约30mg-200 mg83。
6. 肾毒性:几种化疗药物可引起肾脏损害,特别是顺铂和甲氨蝶呤。顺铂在大约25%的化疗中引起急性肾毒性,发生肾毒性一般需要停止化疗102。顺铂诱导的肾脏损伤的两种可能机制是氧化损伤增加103和肾脏中镁代谢的改变102。高剂量甲氨蝶呤已被证明会导致2-10%的患者肾损伤104。
综合干预可能采用的天然成分如下:
在食管和下咽癌症患者中,在顺铂和5-FU化疗前进行了为期两周的静脉注射硫酸镁的小型试验。与未接受镁治疗的受试者(13名患者)相比,接受镁治疗(10名患者)的肾毒性显著降低107。2014年的一项研究比较了顺铂化疗前镁治疗胸部恶性肿瘤(161名患者)和单独顺铂治疗(335名患者)。镁治疗组的肾脏毒性显著降低108。
病例报告显示,在顺铂诱导的肾毒性个体中,NAC可改善肾功能110。在对培养细胞的实验和对大鼠的研究中,NAC也被发现可以预防异环磷酰胺诱导的肾毒性111。此外,NAC似乎不会干扰异环磷酰胺的抗肿瘤作用112。
7. 化疗感觉功能障碍:化疗干扰味觉、嗅觉和听觉功能,尤其顺铂、卡铂等,目前仍未有获得批准的有关治疗药物。味觉紊乱,如味觉改变或金属味(味觉障碍),与营养不良有关,会降低生活质量124。有研究表明,口服肌肽锌可能有助于缓解接受化疗的癌症患者的味觉障碍,尽管证据并不充分125。
8. 手足综合征(HFS):皮肤对某些化疗药物的反应,症状包括刺痛、疼痛、红肿和起泡等,有关的化疗药包括5-FU、卡培他滨、阿糖胞苷和多柔比星等126。
综合干预可能使用的天然化合物如下:
9.“化疗脑”:指化疗引起的认知和记忆功能下降问题,该症状可以持续数月到数年131。化疗药5-FU治疗经常与认知障碍有关,化疗脑的生物学机制仍然不明132。据认为,可能与炎症细胞因子(如IL-6和TNF-α)升高以及脑结构和功能改变有关133;另一种理论认为,有可能患者被诊断癌症和治疗痛苦导致认知功能改变和引起焦虑和抑郁等相关134。
“化疗脑”具体的营养干预措施可以分别参考本网站专文:
10. 胃肠道紊乱:化疗可导致一系列胃肠道不良反应,从恶心、呕吐到腹泻、便秘和食欲不振等135。综合干预可能采用的天然成分如下:
11. 营养状况和恶病质(消瘦):癌症及化疗药副作用常导致营养不良。维持足够的营养和体重,避免恶病质(肌肉和脂肪组织损失)对患者至关重要,以便继续治疗、减少并发症和防止生活质量下降等144;导致胃肠道紊乱的化疗可引起营养不良并恶化预后141。
恶病质不仅仅是一个营养问题,它是癌症自身的复杂副作用,其中组织被破坏,蛋白质合成减少。患者肿瘤产生的促炎细胞因子,如TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6等有助于这一过程,中枢神经系统和激素信号也可能参与其中144,145。
综合干预可能采用的天然化合物如下:
12. 口腔粘膜炎:特征是口腔表面溃疡性病变,非常疼痛、难受。作为一种癌症治疗的常见并发症,40-80%化疗患者会发生,并可能导致口腔粘膜感染;口腔粘膜炎引起的疼痛和继发感染风险通常通过口腔卫生实践、局部麻醉剂、漱口水和其他具有抗炎、镇痛和抗菌特性的药物来控制150,151。
综合干预可能采用的天然成分如下:
13. 维生素D缺乏:其在免疫系统健康、钙代谢和癌症预防方面尤其重要158。
酶改性米糠也被证实对肝癌常规治疗的补充。在一项针对68名肝癌患者的随机对照试验中,酶改性米糠可提高常用治疗方法的疗效,包括化疗栓塞、乙醇注射、冷冻消融和射频消融。38名受试者接受了介入治疗,并在三年内每天接受1g米糠提取物,而30名受试人单独接受了介入疗法。与单独的介入治疗相比,酶改性米糠联合介入治疗降低了疾病复发率(31%对46%),提高了两年后的生存率(35%对6.7%),并显著减少了肿瘤体积166。此外,在接受米糠提取物的组中,不良副作用不太常见。
在一项开放性试验中,21名口腔癌症患者接受了标准治疗,包括手术和术后放疗和/或化疗,22名患者除接受标准治疗外,还接受了FWGE。与对照组相比,FWGE组具有明显更好的结果。对照组局部肿瘤复发和癌症进展的发生率分别为57.1%和61.9%,FWGE组相应的发生率为4.5%和9.1%。在标准治疗中加入FWGE可将癌症进展的风险降低85%52。
在另一项针对170名曾接受过手术治疗的大肠癌患者的开放性试验中,补充FWGE导致进展相关事件显著减少。在66名除标准放疗和/或化疗外服用该补充剂至少六个月的患者中,只有3%的患者患有癌症复发,而在104名单独接受标准治疗的患者中复发率为17.3%。与单独接受标准治疗的受试者相比,接受FWGE治疗的受检者新发癌症转移率较低(7.6%对23.1%),死亡风险较低(12.1%对31.7%),无进展生存率较高(83.3%对57.7%),FWGE治疗比放疗或化疗更能预测生存率169。
一项针对黑色素瘤患者的随机开放标签临床试验将FWGE补充与达卡巴嗪化疗进行了比较。手术后,参与者单独服用达卡巴嗪或服用FWGE(每天8.5g)。7年后,接受FWGE治疗的患者平均无进展生存期更长(55.8个月对29.9个月),平均总生存期较长(66.2个月对44.7个月)170。
胆管癌是一种通常对化疗反应较差的癌症178。在小鼠肿瘤模型中,口服绿茶增加了肿瘤中的阿霉素浓度,并使阿霉素对肿瘤生长的抑制作用增强了2.5倍179。另一项使用相同小鼠肿瘤模型的研究发现,在给予高剂量EGCG的小鼠中,肿瘤缩小的程度比给予顺铂的小鼠更大。此外,当与顺铂一起使用时,EGCG可增强细胞毒性并降低肾毒性180。在暴露于化疗药物伊立替康之前和之后,所提供饮水中的绿茶多酚可以防止小鼠胃肠道的氧化应激181。
临床前研究已经证明了含硫化合物提高化疗效果的潜力。在食管癌细胞系中,萝卜硫素降低了多药耐药蛋白(将癌症药物泵出癌细胞)的表达,增加了化疗药物的抗癌作用184。在卵巢癌中,对顺铂的耐药性是成功治疗的主要障碍185。在一项实验室研究中,顺铂敏感和顺铂耐药的卵巢癌细胞暴露于顺铂、顺铂加绿茶EGCG或顺铂加萝卜硫素;萝卜硫素和EGCG都增加了顺铂诱导的细胞死亡和细胞分裂中断186。一种豆瓣菜衍生的异硫氰酸酯成功地使宫颈癌细胞对顺铂敏感,加速了癌细胞的死亡187。在乳腺癌啮齿动物模型中,每日注射萝卜硫素可减少癌症干细胞并下调癌细胞自我更新信号通路188。
萝卜硫素还可能在保护健康细胞免受癌症治疗引起的毒性损伤方面发挥作用。萝卜硫素减少了暴露于辐射的培养白细胞中DNA损伤的迹象,以及阿霉素和博来霉素(布洛诺环)189,表明它可能保护健康细胞免受化疗引起的毒性。一项啮齿动物研究表明,萝卜硫素预处理可减少顺铂诱导的肝脏氧化损伤,并保留线粒体功能190。
营养与草本综合干预
基于循证医学和循证营养学有关文献综合,可点击其综合干预方案如下:
了解癌症更多的治疗及防控方法,可参考本网如下专文:
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美国癌症学会
http://www.cancer.org
美国国立补充整体医学中心
https://nccih.nih.gov/
美国化疗网
http://www.chemotherapy.com
加拿大癌症学会
http://www.cancer.ca
免责声明和安全信息
概述
化疗是指使用化学药物杀灭癌细胞,它是治疗癌症最有效的手段之一。与仅适用于局部治疗的手术、放疗不同,化疗是一种全身性治疗,对于潜在的和已经发生转移的癌症均可治疗。因为化疗药随血液循环到全身的绝大部分组织和器官,对一些存在转移倾向的肿瘤及已经转移的晚期癌症,化疗都是主要的治疗手段。化疗可用于:
- 治疗某些癌症
- 在经过手术或放疗后,降低癌症复发的机会
- 减少术前肿瘤大小
- 杀死已扩散的癌细胞·
- 阻止无法切除的肿瘤生长
- 缩小引起问题的肿瘤
化疗药分类及作用机制
根据化疗药作用机制、化学结构和与其他药物的关系,化疗药物可分为许多不同类型。一般而言,癌症患者需要同时接受一个以上类别的化疗药物,即所谓联合化疗,旨在最大限度地杀死癌细胞数量,并尽量降低化疗耐药性。化疗药分类及作用机制,主要包括如下:
- 烷化剂,例如:苯达莫司汀、卡铂、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、环磷酰胺、丙卡巴肼和链脲佐菌素等:
- 作用机制:绑定DNA,通过抑制蛋白质和DNA合成引起细胞死亡。
- 适于癌症:白血病、淋巴瘤、骨髓瘤和肉瘤;肺、生殖系统(乳腺癌、前列腺癌、宫颈癌、睾丸癌、子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌等),胃癌和头颈癌,以及许多其他类型的癌症。
- 抗代谢药,例如:磷酸氟达拉滨、甲氨蝶呤、巯嘌呤、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)和羟基脲等:
- 作用机制:干扰代谢途径,包括DNA和RNA合成。
- 适于癌症:白血病、淋巴瘤;生殖系统、胃肠道、肺、膀胱和头颈癌,及多种其他类型癌症。
- 抗肿瘤抗生素,例如:柔红霉素、阿霉素、表阿霉素、去甲氧基柔红霉素、放线菌素D、博来霉素、丝裂霉素C和米托蒽醌等:
- 作用机制:干扰DNA和RNA合成;抑制拓扑异构酶,这类酶参与DNA合成。
- 适于癌症:白血病、淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、肉瘤和许多实体癌症。
- 拓扑异构酶抑制剂,例如:托泊替康、伊立替康、依托泊苷和替尼泊苷等:
- 作用机制:抑制拓扑异构酶。
- 适于癌症:某些白血病、以及肺癌、卵巢癌、胃肠癌和其他癌症。
- 有丝分裂抑制剂,例如:紫杉醇、伊沙匹隆、长春碱、长春新碱、长春瑞滨和雌莫司汀等:
- 作用机制:干扰细胞分裂。
- 适于癌症:骨髓瘤、淋巴瘤、白血病、乳腺癌、肺癌和其他癌症等。
- 其他非典型的化疗药物,例如:L-天冬酰胺酶、硼替佐米:
- L-天冬酰胺酶分解氨基酸天冬酰胺,其不能由某些癌症合成,适于急性淋巴细胞白血病等。
- 硼替佐米,一种蛋白酶体抑制剂,可干扰细胞分解受损蛋白质的能力,适于多发性骨髓瘤和某些淋巴瘤的二级治疗。
化疗种类和途径
化疗通常实行周期性治疗,每个周期包括治疗期、休息期,由几个周期组成一个疗程。根据患者不同情况和治疗目的,化疗以多种策略进行治疗,通常分为如下:
- 新辅助化疗(术前化疗):在手术或放疗前给予,也称为诱导化疗,以缩小原始(原发)肿瘤。
- 辅助化疗(术后化疗):如果癌症复发或转移的风险很高,则在手术或放射后给予辅助化疗。
- 姑息化疗:晚期肿瘤癌细胞已广泛转移,化疗目的旨在控制癌症发展、延续生命。
- 巩固化疗或缓解后化疗:为白血病和少数其他类型癌症治疗的一部分治疗,包括几个月的多个治疗周期以维持缓解。
- 维持性化疗:一般是指长期的低剂量治疗,以维持或延期肿瘤控制。
- 联合化疗:使用几种具有不同作用机制和毒性的药物。它通常用于预防或克服新辅助或辅助化疗期间的耐药性,以及如下的综合治疗方法。
- 综合治疗:指使用常规的细胞毒性化疗药物及其他治疗方法,包括手术、放射治疗或更新类别的抗癌药物,如分子靶向药物、单克隆抗体、激素治疗或免疫疗法。
- 静脉注射,包括小静脉和大静脉注射。
- 口服化疗药
- 鞘内注射,注入大脑和脊髓周围的液体
- 动脉注射(IA)
- 腹腔注射(IP)
- 膀胱内,通过导管直接进入膀胱
- 肌肉注射
- 局部应用,在皮肤上注射
- 皮下注射
化疗耐药性与营养干预
在化疗过程中,癌症对化疗药具有内在的抗性或对它们产生耐药性,这称为化疗药耐药,占转移性癌症治疗中所有药物失效的90%。当癌细胞具有或发展出耐受一种或多种化疗药物的能力时,就会发生耐药性。肿瘤细胞及其周围微环境中的一些内在因素可导致化疗耐药性。一些天然化合物表现出与癌细胞的许多相互作用,这可增强化疗药的抗癌细胞毒性。癌细胞具有高度发达的机制,以摆脱毒素和降解细胞毒剂,包括化疗药物。癌细胞消除毒素的一个关键机制取决于P-糖蛋白,这种蛋白在癌细胞膜中大量存在,可将化学治疗剂泵出癌细胞。实际上,P-糖蛋白是癌症多重耐药的主因之一。几种天然化合物,例如,绿茶中的茶多酚(EGCG)、金雀异黄酮、姜黄素和槲皮素可抑制P-糖蛋白1,2。
天然化合物改善化疗药细胞毒性的另一种方式是通过阻止活性药物代谢成无活性化合物。这是紫杉醇化疗药特别关注的问题,因为它很容易分解成肝脏中的无活性代谢物。某些天然化合物,包括槲皮素和多酚非瑟酮,在人类肝脏代谢的临床前模型中,可以阻止这种降解3。
许多天然产物已被证明具有作为化疗增敏剂的潜力,包括如下:
- 姜黄素:在几种类型癌症的实验室和临床前模型中,它可以提高各种化学治疗剂的有效性4。例如,在癌症的细胞和动物研究中,姜黄素增强了抗肿瘤抗生素丝裂霉素C和阿霉素的有效性并降低了其毒性5,6
一项针对结肠癌耐药细胞的研究发现,姜黄素增强了对5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)的化学敏感性7。姜黄素在子宫颈癌症的细胞培养和动物模型中增加了对紫杉醇的敏感性,并增强了顺铂在喉癌干细胞中的抗肿瘤作用8,9。此外,姜黄素已经证明其自身的抗癌作用,因此可能作为常规癌症治疗的辅助药物10。
- 绿茶:多项研究表明,绿茶成分EGCG和茶氨酸具有抗肿瘤活性,可以增强化疗药物的抗癌作用。在一项研究中,化疗药物阿霉素对喂食绿茶饮料的小鼠的肿瘤生长抑制作用是未食用小鼠的两倍。不过,绿茶并没有增加小鼠正常组织对阿霉素的摄取11。对患有卵巢肿瘤的小鼠的研究表明,茶氨酸加阿霉素在抑制肝转移方面比单独使用阿霉素更有效;茶氨酸还增强吡柔比星、伊立替康和顺铂的抗肿瘤作用12。
- 槲皮素:在实验研究中,槲皮素提高了几种卵巢癌症细胞系对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性14。槲皮素增强5-FU抑制食管癌细胞生长和刺激细胞凋亡的能力14。在口腔癌细胞系中,槲皮素诱导细胞凋亡并逆转长春新碱的耐药性15。乳腺癌动物模型研究发现长春新碱和槲皮素的脂质体组合增强了曲妥珠单抗耐药性肿瘤的抗肿瘤活性16。
- 鱼油:EPA和DHA可能在癌症治疗以及化疗和放射治疗中发挥作用17,18。在一项针对46名非小细胞肺癌癌症患者的临床试验中,一组患者单独接受化疗(卡铂加长春瑞滨或吉西他滨),另一组患者接受化疗加每日2.5g鱼油。与单独化疗组相比,化疗和鱼油组的有效率大约高出两倍。鱼油组的患者比单独接受化疗的患者平均多接受一个周期的治疗。同样重要的是要注意,药物方案的疗效增加与对健康组织的毒性增加无关19。
在另一项临床试验中,晚期乳癌患者接受了环磷酰胺、5-FU和表阿霉素以及DHA补充剂。25名患者在化疗前7-10天和化疗5个月内每天服用1.8g DHA。试验结束时,补充DHA后血浆DHA水平增加最多的患者中位生存率显著提高,疾病进展时间更长。对于DHA水平增加最多的患者,中位总生存期为34个月,而DHA水平增加最少的参与者为18个月。DHA水平增加更明显的患者其延续时间也更长:8.7个月对3.5个月。研究人员得出结论,DHA可以化学增敏肿瘤20。一项实验室研究支持了这一观点,在该研究中,鱼油使直肠癌细胞对5-FU、奥沙利铂和伊立替康敏感21。
- 褪黑素:对有关文献综述发现,褪黑素是一种参与睡眠-觉醒周期的激素,可以提高肿瘤缓解率和一年生存率,并减轻多种癌症患者的化疗和放疗副作用22,23。例如,一项针对实体瘤癌症患者的八项随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现,补充褪黑素作为化疗或放疗的佐剂,可将一年生存率从28%提高到52%22。这些研究通常每天使用20mg褪黑激素。
- 云芝蘑菇多糖K(PSK)。一种蛋白结合多糖K。它的抗癌和化疗增强特性在日本得到了广泛的研究。临床试验表明,当与标准治疗一起使用时,PSK可以显著延长各种癌症患者的生存期,包括胃癌、食道癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌和肺癌24,25。大多数研究中使用的PSK剂量:3g/天。
- 维生素C:2013年对卵巢癌症细胞的一项研究发现,高浓度的抗坏血酸激活了几种抗癌机制26,27。同一研究的临床阶段对22名新诊断为卵巢癌症III或IV期的患者进行。10名参与者接受了高剂量静脉注射抗坏血酸盐(每次75-100g)和标准化疗(紫杉醇和卡铂),为期6个月。然后,受试者继续单独服用维生素C六个月。另一组12名参与者单独接受了6个月的标准化疗。接受维生素C治疗的患者具有化疗敏感性,并降低了化疗相关的毒性。此外,维生素C化疗组的疾病进展或复发的中位时间延长了8.75个月28。
2015年一项针对14名晚期癌症患者的临床研究发现,大剂量静脉注射维生素C与化疗相结合是安全且耐受性良好的。事实上,三名患有不同类型癌症的患者出现了意想不到的暂时疾病稳定,报告能量水平升高,并经历了功能改善29。
- 亚洲人参:在实验室和动物研究中,亚洲人参增强了对几种化疗药物的化学敏感性,包括5-FU、伊立替康、丝裂霉素C、多西他赛、顺铂和阿霉素30,31。
- 其他:几种可能增强化学敏感性的天然物质,包括γ-生育三烯酚(维生素E的一种形式)32;牛磺酸:增加了阿霉素在小鼠肉瘤细胞中的抗肿瘤活性33。此外,临床前研究发现,维生素D与多种化疗方案的协同作用34。
化疗毒副作用与营养干预
预防和缓解化疗副作用可避免中断治疗或停止治疗,以及允许更积极的给药方案,从而增加治疗成功的机会。临床上,一般通过调整药物剂量来管理化疗的毒性作用。然而,许多天然化合物也可以减轻化疗副作用。但化疗与天然化合物相互作用还存在一些争议,尽管只是理论上的。因此,癌症患者应与肿瘤治疗团队密切合作,遵循医师指导。1. 疲劳:这是化疗最常见的副作用。化疗可导致疲惫、极度虚弱、抑郁、注意力难集中以及总体感觉不适等。综合干预可能采用的天然成分如下:
- 南非醉茄:一种具有适应、抗炎和抗癌特性的草本植物。在一项对100名接受两种不同化疗方案的乳腺癌患者进行的开放性试验中,将南非醉茄联合化疗与单独化疗进行了比较。本研究中的剂量是在整个化疗过程中每八小时服用2g 南非醉茄提取物。单独接受化疗的患者的疲劳评分明显高于接受南非醉茄治疗的患者,而且南非醉茄组提高了生活质量35。
- 花旗参:亚洲人参的近亲,活性物包括人参皂苷和多糖。西洋参具有适应和抗炎特性36,37。一项为期8周的随机对照试验发现,2000mg西洋参改善了364名患者的癌症相关性疲劳。试验参与者患有各种类型的癌症,要么正在接受癌症治疗,要么已经完成治疗。试验结束时,与安慰剂组相比,人参组的疲劳评分改善幅度更大。接受癌症治疗的人参组受试者比已经完成癌症治疗的参与者受益更多37。
- 瓜拿纳:又称瓜拉纳,来自亚马逊雨林的植物,含有儿茶素、表儿茶素和少量咖啡因。在两项小型临床研究中,瓜拉纳改善了化疗引起的疲劳。在第一项研究中,40名患有实体瘤并在化疗一周后疲劳加剧的癌症患者开始接受37.5mg瓜拉纳提取物,每天两次。三周后,90%的参与者的疲劳评分有所改善38。第二项研究评估了75名患有化疗相关疲劳的乳腺癌患者每天两次服用50mg瓜拉纳提取物的效果,发现瓜拉纳在缓解疲劳方面优于安慰剂39。
- 褪黑素:除了调节睡眠-觉醒周期外,还具有抗氧化特性、抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用。一项对包括761名实体瘤患者在内的八项随机对照试验的综述显示,每天20mg褪黑素可显著减少化疗相关的副作用,包括疲劳。此外,褪黑素的使用可使一年死亡率降低40%,且不会造成任何严重副作用22,23。
- L肉碱:肉碱参与细胞能量代谢,在癌症患者中消耗大,包括化疗40。一项研究评估了L-肉碱对50名血浆肉碱水平较低的疲劳患者的影响。这些患者正在接受顺铂或异烟酰胺(Ifex)治疗癌症IV期,但没有贫血。参与者每天口服4g肉碱。在7天内,所有患者的血浆肉碱水平均恢复正常,45名患者的疲劳症状显著缓解。这种疲劳的改善一直持续到下一个化疗周期41。在一项针对21名患有肉碱缺乏症和中度至重度疲劳的晚期癌症患者的小型研究中,每天口服多达3g肉碱可改善疲劳评分,这与血液中肉碱水平的升高相关,且未发现任何毒性或重大副作用42。
- 药用蘑菇:具有免疫调节特性,在日本常用于辅助化疗。一项研究综述发现,补充云芝多糖复合肽(PSP),一种来源于云芝蘑菇的化合物,可以减少与癌症治疗相关的副作用,包括疲劳43。在一项随机对照试验中,48名正在接受激素治疗的、无贫血的乳腺癌患者每天服用3g灵芝孢子粉治疗四周,可显著改善疲劳和身体健康,以及焦虑、抑郁和整体生活质量44。
2. 免疫抑制和血液相关的并发症:骨髓抑制是化疗最严重和常见的副作用之一,可导致低红血细胞(贫血)、低白细胞(白细胞减少症)和低血小板(血小板减少症),使患者常伴有发烧甚至危及生命的感染,以至于终止化疗治疗。有助于综合干预的天然成分如下:
- 欧米伽3脂肪酸:在15名计划接受手术的癌症食管患者中,围手术期补充二十碳五烯酸(EPA)(来自鱼油)可以减少放化疗引起的免疫抑制。5名受试者在手术前一周开始每天接受1.8g EPA,并持续到出院;其他10人没有服用EPA。与对照受试者相比,服用EPA的受试者对免疫刺激性化学物质的反应表现出更强的白细胞增殖能力,并增加了自然杀伤细胞活性45。Omega-3脂肪酸补充剂因其抗炎和免疫增强作用而被推荐用于术后和危重患者46,47。
- 乳酸菌:动物和人类研究表明,乳酸杆菌可以减少化疗诱导的免疫抑制。在用环磷酰胺(一种已知会导致中性粒细胞减少症的药物)治疗的小鼠中,益生菌干酪乳杆菌CRL431和鼠李糖乳杆菌CRL1506增加了骨髓中某些类型的造血干细胞的数量,并诱导中性粒细胞水平的更快恢复48。此外,接受益生菌的小鼠不太容易感染白色念珠菌,白色念珠菌是正常微生物群落的一部分,但在免疫功能受损的个体中可能致病49。一项严格的文献综述发现,益生菌将癌症患者的中重度抗生素和化疗相关腹泻的几率降低了68%50。
- 发酵小麦胚芽提取物(FWGE):爱维麦FWGE(Avemar™)在欧洲被批准为“癌症患者特殊医学用途食品”51。它以粉末形式提供,具有良好的安全性,并且已经针对包括癌症在内的多种疾病进行了研究52。FWGE预防中性粒细胞减少症的潜力在一项早期开放标签试验中得到了证明,该试验对11对儿童进行了各种癌症的标准化疗。每对儿童中的一个每平方米体表面积接受6g FWGE,在整个研究过程中每天两次溶解在水中,另一个没有。每对患者的年龄、性别、诊断、疾病分期和既往化疗暴露情况相匹配;然而,FWGE组的两名患者在研究开始时患有转移性疾病,而他们的配对患者则没有。在研究结束时,FWGE和对照组在化疗和其他治疗方面接受了基本相同程度的治疗;然而,与对照组相比,FWGE组每月平均少发生80%的中性粒细胞减少症伴发热。此外,在中性粒细胞减少期,FWGE组的总白细胞和淋巴细胞计数没有对照组低53。
- 牛磺酸:在一项针对40名患有急性淋巴细胞白血病的年轻人的随机对照试验中,与安慰剂相比,每天补充2g牛磺酸,可显著减少发烧和感染的次数,并增加白细胞计数54。
- 南非醉茄:有助于控制肺癌小鼠中紫杉醇诱导的免疫抑制55。在另一项动物研究中,南非醉茄在紫杉醇治疗前给药4天,并在治疗后持续12天,逆转了紫杉醇诱导的小鼠中性粒细胞减少症。因此,南非醉茄可能在癌症化疗期间用于预防骨髓抑制56。
- 锌:在动物模型中,补锌减少了环磷酰胺引起的免疫系统抑制的几个方面。接受锌的小鼠对环磷酰胺诱导的白细胞和成熟T淋巴细胞数量的减少、IgM抗体产生的抑制和胸腺重量的减少具有抗性57。
- 槲皮素:一项研究发现,槲皮素可以适度减轻阿霉素诱导的大鼠免疫抑制。槲皮素治疗还降低了大脑氧化应激水平,减少了被认为表明焦虑和抑郁的行为58。
3. 恶心和呕吐:化疗引起的恶心和呕吐、食欲不振是常见副作用,这可能导致营养不良、体重下降,以及疲劳、焦虑等,甚至影响治疗效果。顺铂、多柔比星和环磷酰胺等化疗药已知存在这类副作用。
- 姜根:生姜作为一种止吐剂使用历史悠久59。生姜止吐作用机制可能类似于帕洛司琼(5-HT3受体阻滞剂)和阿品肽(神经激肽-1受体阻滞剂)60。在一项随机对照试验中,744名癌症患者从化疗第一天前三天开始,每天两次服用0.5克、1.0克或1.5克生姜提取物或安慰剂,为期六天。所有剂量的生姜补充剂都能显著降低急性化疗引起的恶心的严重程度61。在另一项对照临床试验中,从化疗前三天开始,80名正在接受化疗并患有化疗引起呕吐的乳腺癌女性每天服用1g生姜提取物或安慰剂,为期六天。服用生姜的患者呕吐明显减少60。一项涉及100名患有晚期乳癌的女性的随机试验发现,标准止吐治疗加上每日三次0.5g干姜粉的联合治疗显著优于单独的标准治疗62。
- 牛磺酸:牛磺酸有助于降低白血病患者的CINV(化疗后恶心呕吐)。这项研究随机选取了40名年龄在16 - 23岁的急性淋巴细胞白血病患者,他们正在接受化疗,每天两次服用1g牛磺酸,在每次化疗后6小时服用或接受安慰剂,持续6个月。32名受试者完成了这项研究。服用牛磺酸组不太可能出现CINV,而且在化疗相关的味觉和嗅觉障碍、食欲和疲劳方面也有更大的改善63。
4. 周围神经病变:化疗可以损害周围神经(外周神经),导致刺痛、疼痛和麻木等症状,特别是在四肢端,这被称为化疗诱导的周围神经病变(CIPN)。其他器官系统,如消化系统和心血管系统,也含有外周神经,因此CIPN会导致便秘和心律失常等症状,CIPN在接受化疗的患者中发生率高达70%64。不幸的是,截至2017年,没有任何药物被批准用于治疗CIPN,也没有预防药物。对文献的严格审查发现,没有足够的证据得出抗抑郁药或抗惊厥药可以降低CIPN的结论65。
几种具有神经保护和神经再生作用的几种综合干预天然物质包括如下:
- 钙和镁(输注):钙和镁输注可能预防CIPN66。对涉及1765名胃肠道癌症患者的16项研究进行的严格分析发现,钙和镁输注显著降低了低或中度奥沙利铂诱导的神经病变的发生率,而不会干扰化疗的抗癌效果67。
- 谷胱甘肽:在胃癌患者中,谷胱甘肽已被证明可减少与基于顺铂的化疗相关的神经病变68。一项针对结肠癌患者的研究表明,N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)可减轻奥沙利铂引起的神经病变69。
- 欧米伽3脂肪酸:一项针对接受紫杉醇化疗的乳腺癌患者的随机对照试验发现,补充ω-3脂肪酸可降低周围神经病变的发病率和严重程度。受试者在化疗期间和化疗完成后的一个月内每天三次服用640mg ω-3脂肪酸70。
- 维生素E: 一项涉及319名患者的五项随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现,每天补充333–900IU的维生素E可将CIPN的风险降低57%;维生素E对接受顺铂治疗的患者特别有效,可将CIPN风险降低74%。本分析中的任何试验均未报告维生素E的不良反应71。
- 乙酰L肉碱:一项为期8周的试验评估了25名严重CIPN患者每天三次口服1g乙酰L肉碱的效果。受试者在试验期间接受紫杉醇或顺铂治疗,或在停止化疗后中度CIPN持续至少三个月。60%的受试者感觉神经病变的严重程度得到改善,79%的受试人运动神经病变得到改善。92%的受试者的神经病变总分有所改善。13名患者中有12名患者的症状得到改善,平均随访13个月72。在一项针对26名因紫杉醇或顺铂治疗而患有CIPN的个体的试验中,每天静脉注射1g乙酰L肉碱至少10天可降低73%受试者的神经病变严重程度73。
- 谷氨酰胺:几项研究发现,谷氨酰胺降低了奥沙利铂或高剂量紫杉醇治疗引起的CIPN的严重程度74。在一项试验中,12名患者在完成高剂量紫杉醇治疗后24小时开始,每天三次口服谷氨酰胺10g。他们的神经病变严重程度明显低于33名接受相同治疗但不含谷氨酰胺的患者75。在一项针对接受奥沙利铂治疗的转移性结肠癌症患者的试验中,与单独接受奥沙利拉丁治疗的患者相比,从奥沙利铂接受治疗之日开始,每天两次,每两周连续七天,接受15g口服谷氨酰胺的患者中重度神经病变的发生率较低。谷氨酰胺组对正常活动的干扰较小,也不太可能减少奥沙利铂的剂量。谷氨酰胺不会干扰化疗的反应76。
- α硫辛酸:可以降低接受化疗的患者的周围神经病变风险77。对14名患有中度或重度周围神经病变的癌症患者进行了早期试验,这些患者在多西他赛加顺铂化疗期间或之后出现。受试者每周静脉注射一次600mgα-硫辛酸,持续三到五周,然后每天三次口服1800 mgα-硫油酸,最长持续六个月,或直到他们完全从神经症状中恢复。八名(57%)参与者的神经病变在四个月内得到改善78。
5. 心脏毒性:对心脏和血管的毒性损伤是化疗的常见并发症,特别是阿霉素、表柔比星和柔红霉素等抗肿瘤抗生素化疗药,其他包括顺铂、紫杉醇和多西他赛以及5-FU等存在同样副作用79。心脏毒性可在化疗后不久或很久出现,并且可能从亚临床心肌功能障碍到心力衰竭不等80,氧化应激是许多化疗药心脏毒性的核心机制81。
可综合干预的天然化合物如下:
- 辅酶Q10:高效抗氧化剂,且对细胞能量代谢至关重要。临床前和临床研究的证据表明,补充辅酶Q10可以预防蒽环类药物(如阿霉素和柔红霉素)引起的心脏毒性。文献综述发现辅酶Q10可以预防心脏毒性82。由于心脏毒性是蒽环类药物的剂量限制性副作用,如果与治疗一起服用,辅酶Q10的心脏保护活性可能会使蒽环类化学疗法的剂量更高,从而更有效地治疗癌症。
心脏细胞线粒体在其线粒体内膜上含有一种独特的酶(NADH脱氢酶),这种酶在其他非心脏线粒体中不存在。这种酶将蒽环类药物转化为导致严重氧化应激的物质,对线粒体DNA造成不可逆的损伤,并破坏线粒体能量代谢。这种损害导致心脏细胞死亡,这就是蒽环类药物心脏毒性的原因。辅酶Q10似乎可以防止线粒体损伤,防止蒽环类药物诱导的心肌病。在阿霉素毒性的临床研究中使用的辅酶Q10的剂量范围为每天约30mg-200 mg83。
- L肉碱:参与细胞线粒体中脂肪酸的能量生产。肌肉细胞,特别是在心脏细胞中存在高浓度的肉碱。某些化疗方案可能导致肉碱缺乏,补充可能会逆转这种状况84。临床研究支持肉碱在减少或预防化疗引起的心脏毒性。在一项对30名接受白细胞介素-2(IL-2)免疫治疗的癌症患者进行的随机试验中,与单独接受IL-2治疗的患者相比,每天接受1000mg口服L-肉碱治疗的患者的心脏并发症显著减少85。在一项对15名正在接受阿霉素或阿霉素相关化合物表阿霉素治疗的乳腺癌或肺癌患者的研究中,受试者被分为三个治疗组:阿霉素、阿霉素加L-肉碱或表阿霉素。通过超声心动图评估心脏的左心室功能。经过六个化疗周期后,接受L肉碱治疗的组左心室收缩功能得以保持86。
- 维生素E:维生素E对化疗引起的心脏毒性也有保护作用。一个动物模型发现,在大鼠服用高剂量阿霉素前24小时,给其服用维生素E形式的dα-生育酚可以降低心脏毒性,而不会干扰阿霉素对白血病的化疗作用87。在另一项研究中,除了补充α-生育酚的饮食外,每周七次注射阿霉素的大鼠心脏线粒体膜中的维生素E浓度高出2-4倍,心脏组织中的蛋白质氧化减少88。
- 葡萄籽:葡萄籽提取物富含原花青素。在动物模型中,用富含原花青素的葡萄籽提取物预处理显著降低了阿霉素诱导的心脏毒性89。在一项类似的研究中,在注射阿霉素之前,给予富含原花青素的葡萄籽提取物7-10天的小鼠几乎完全免受药物对血液化学和心脏组织的毒性影响,DNA损伤也减少了90。葡萄籽原花青素抑制大鼠阿霉素相关心脏毒性的另一项研究结果表明,心脏保护作用是通过抗氧化、抗炎和抗凋亡机制介导的91。一项细胞培养研究发现,葡萄籽提取物保护心肌细胞免受阿霉素诱导的毒性,而不会干扰阿霉素对癌症细胞的抗增殖作用92。
- 绿茶:绿茶儿茶素(EGCG)临床前研究中显示出减少阿霉素治疗引起的心脏损伤的前景93。实验室和动物研究表明,绿茶提取物和EGCG可以降低氧化应激,防止心脏组织损伤94。在其中一项研究中,与单独使用阿霉素治疗的受试动物相比,在阿霉素治疗中添加100 mg/kg/天的绿茶提取物使受试动物的血压正常,心电图恢复正常95。在另一项研究中,单独接受阿霉素治疗的动物表现出组织损伤的迹象,自由基活性增加,而同时接受绿茶提取物治疗的动物心脏组织中的自由基清除酶增加94。
- 红景天:一种知名的适应原药草,已被证明可改善接受表阿霉素化疗的癌症患者的心功能96。
- 其他植物多酚:蔓越莓97、越橘98等提取物是清除自由基多酚的已知来源99,以及蜜蜂蜂胶的富含多酚提取物100,在动物模型中也预防了阿霉素诱导的心脏毒性。
- 谷氨酰胺:实验研究表明可保护大鼠免受环磷酰胺诱导的心脏毒性101。
6. 肾毒性:几种化疗药物可引起肾脏损害,特别是顺铂和甲氨蝶呤。顺铂在大约25%的化疗中引起急性肾毒性,发生肾毒性一般需要停止化疗102。顺铂诱导的肾脏损伤的两种可能机制是氧化损伤增加103和肾脏中镁代谢的改变102。高剂量甲氨蝶呤已被证明会导致2-10%的患者肾损伤104。
综合干预可能采用的天然成分如下:
- 镁:在接受顺铂加紫杉醇治疗的卵巢癌症患者的随机对照试验中,参与者接受镁或安慰剂治疗。在每个疗程化疗前,每三周静脉注射5g硫酸镁。参与者还在两次治疗之间口服500mg亚碳酸镁,每天三次。补充镁组的肾功能得到了更好的保护105。另一项试验将非小细胞肺癌癌症患者的传统静脉水合治疗与镁水合治疗进行了比较。参与者接受了顺铂和培美曲塞的治疗,这是一种叶酸类抗代谢药物,其作用机制类似于甲氨蝶呤。30名患者接受了由盐水、甘露糖醇(Osmitrol)和利尿剂速尿(Lasix)组成的传统水合治疗,20名患者接受由盐水、甘露糖醇和镁组成的改良水合治疗,但不接受速尿。镁治疗组的肌酐清除率显著高于对照组106。
在食管和下咽癌症患者中,在顺铂和5-FU化疗前进行了为期两周的静脉注射硫酸镁的小型试验。与未接受镁治疗的受试者(13名患者)相比,接受镁治疗(10名患者)的肾毒性显著降低107。2014年的一项研究比较了顺铂化疗前镁治疗胸部恶性肿瘤(161名患者)和单独顺铂治疗(335名患者)。镁治疗组的肾脏毒性显著降低108。
- N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC): 有助于补充谷胱甘肽的储存。NAC和谷胱甘肽都被研究为预防肾毒性和神经毒性的药物。在151名接受顺铂治疗的卵巢癌症妇女的III期试验中,74名妇女在化疗前静脉注射谷胱甘肽,77名妇女服用无菌生理盐水作为安慰剂;谷胱甘肽的剂量为每平方米体表面积3g。接受谷胱甘肽的女性比未接受谷胱甘肽的妇女保持了更好的肾功能,肌酸酐清除率的保持证明了这一点。谷胱甘肽组的抑郁、呕吐、周围神经病变、脱发、呼吸急促和注意力难以集中的情况也较少。由于副作用的减少和生活质量的提高,患者也更有可能在不减少剂量的情况下耐受所有六个周期的顺铂110。
病例报告显示,在顺铂诱导的肾毒性个体中,NAC可改善肾功能110。在对培养细胞的实验和对大鼠的研究中,NAC也被发现可以预防异环磷酰胺诱导的肾毒性111。此外,NAC似乎不会干扰异环磷酰胺的抗肿瘤作用112。
- 水飞蓟:其活性成分水飞蓟素具有抗炎和抗氧化活性,以其肝脏保护特性而闻名,在啮齿类动物和细胞研究中也被证明可以保护肾脏免受化疗诱导的损伤。几项研究表明,水飞蓟素在不影响其抗肿瘤作用的情况下减轻了顺铂的肾毒性作用113。当在化疗前而不是化疗后使用时,乳蓟提供了更明显的肾脏保护113,114。
- 银杏叶:通常用于支持认知功能,其抗氧化和抗炎特性可能有助于对抗顺铂诱导的肾脏毒性。在啮齿类动物模型中,标准银杏叶提取物可以预防顺铂的肾毒性。与单独给予顺铂的大鼠相比,给予银杏的啮齿类动物的血清尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(肾功能指标)水平有所改善115。对大鼠的其他研究表明,银杏可以提供肾脏保护,使其免受顺铂毒性的影响,而不会干扰药物的抗癌作用116。
- L肉碱:临床前研究表明,L-肉碱可以预防顺铂和异环磷酰胺对肾脏的毒性84。动物研究表明,多种形式的肉碱,包括L-肉碱、乙酰L肉碱和丙酰L肉碱,可以预防顺铂诱导的肾毒性117,118。一项针对啮齿类动物的研究表明,肉碱缺乏是顺铂诱导的肾损伤的危险因素。这项研究还发现,L-肉碱注射液使肾功能标志物正常化119。与单独使用异环磷酰胺治疗相比,在接受异环磷酰胺治疗的大鼠中每天注射L-肉碱可减少氧化应激和肾损伤120。
- 硒:在一项涉及46名癌症患者的试验中,接受硒(200mcg)和维生素E(400IU)治疗的患者与接受安慰剂治疗的患者相比,顺铂诱导的肾毒性较小121。在一项涉及122名癌症患者的单独试验中,每日剂量为400mcg的口服硒在添加到水合治疗中时可预防顺铂诱导的急性肾损伤122。其他研究表明,补充硒可能有助于减少顺铂引起的肾毒性和骨髓抑制123。
7. 化疗感觉功能障碍:化疗干扰味觉、嗅觉和听觉功能,尤其顺铂、卡铂等,目前仍未有获得批准的有关治疗药物。味觉紊乱,如味觉改变或金属味(味觉障碍),与营养不良有关,会降低生活质量124。有研究表明,口服肌肽锌可能有助于缓解接受化疗的癌症患者的味觉障碍,尽管证据并不充分125。
8. 手足综合征(HFS):皮肤对某些化疗药物的反应,症状包括刺痛、疼痛、红肿和起泡等,有关的化疗药包括5-FU、卡培他滨、阿糖胞苷和多柔比星等126。
综合干预可能使用的天然化合物如下:
- 维生素B6:在一项随机对照试验中,106名患有结直肠癌或乳腺癌癌症的患者除了接受卡培他滨的姑息治疗外,每天三次服用50mg维生素B6(吡哆醇)或安慰剂。在吡哆醇组中,卡培他滨的剂量维持效果更好,严重程度HFS不良反应更少127。吡哆醇有成功使用的历史,剂量范围为每天50至800mg,用于预防和治疗索拉非尼(Nexavar)、阿霉素、5-FU、多西他赛或依托泊苷引起的HFS。有证据表明,每天400mg的吡哆醇可能比低剂量更有效128。
- 维生素E:一项临床研究涉及接受索拉非尼化疗药物治疗的肝癌患者,索拉非尼已知会导致HFS。每天333至450 IU剂量的维生素E在10至12天后控制HFS129。另一项研究描述了每天100至600IU维生素E对患有卡培他滨引起的HFS的乳腺癌患者的积极作用。补充维生素E可以在七天内减少皮肤并发症,并且这种效果持续到整个治疗过程中,神经系统症状、皮肤剥落和疼痛减轻。此外,在接受维生素E治疗的患者中,癌症进展的中位时间为10.2个月,而不服用维生素E的患者癌症进展的中位数时间为6.1个月130。
9.“化疗脑”:指化疗引起的认知和记忆功能下降问题,该症状可以持续数月到数年131。化疗药5-FU治疗经常与认知障碍有关,化疗脑的生物学机制仍然不明132。据认为,可能与炎症细胞因子(如IL-6和TNF-α)升高以及脑结构和功能改变有关133;另一种理论认为,有可能患者被诊断癌症和治疗痛苦导致认知功能改变和引起焦虑和抑郁等相关134。
“化疗脑”具体的营养干预措施可以分别参考本网站专文:
10. 胃肠道紊乱:化疗可导致一系列胃肠道不良反应,从恶心、呕吐到腹泻、便秘和食欲不振等135。综合干预可能采用的天然成分如下:
- 益生菌:在一项案例研究中,一名患有乳腺癌IV期和严重化疗引起的腹泻伴失禁和腹部痉挛的患者成功地用多种益生菌组合治疗了腹泻136。组合益生菌由8株活的冻干乳酸菌组成(文献没有描述具体菌株)。对腹部和盆腔癌症患者的研究综述得出结论,益生菌可能在预防中重度化疗诱导的腹泻方面发挥有益作用137。
- 谷氨酰胺:一项荟萃分析发现,谷氨酰胺显著缩短了化疗诱导的腹泻的持续时间138。其他研究发现谷氨酰胺有助于改善化疗的胃肠道毒性139。在一项研究中,谷氨酰胺与放化疗一起用于非小细胞肺癌,营养素不会干扰治疗效果,并有助于防止体重减轻和计划外治疗延迟140。
- 鱼油:Omega-3脂肪酸可以预防与化疗相关的不良胃肠道毒性141。
- 番泻叶:番泻叶提取物可以有效且安全地治疗化疗引起的便秘142。膳食纤维也可能有助于预防和缓解化疗引起的便秘143。了解更多有关便秘综合干预路径和方法,可参考本网站专文:便秘 >>
11. 营养状况和恶病质(消瘦):癌症及化疗药副作用常导致营养不良。维持足够的营养和体重,避免恶病质(肌肉和脂肪组织损失)对患者至关重要,以便继续治疗、减少并发症和防止生活质量下降等144;导致胃肠道紊乱的化疗可引起营养不良并恶化预后141。
恶病质不仅仅是一个营养问题,它是癌症自身的复杂副作用,其中组织被破坏,蛋白质合成减少。患者肿瘤产生的促炎细胞因子,如TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6等有助于这一过程,中枢神经系统和激素信号也可能参与其中144,145。
综合干预可能采用的天然化合物如下:
- 谷氨酰胺:谷氨酰胺对重症患者尤其重要,已被证明可改善癌症患者的临床状况,有助于提供足够的营养,而不会增加肿瘤负担146,139。
- 鱼油:欧米伽3脂肪酸可能有助于改善癌症恶病质,保持肌肉质量和功能能力,并改善化疗耐受性和反应,从而带来更大的临床效益147。
- L肉碱:治疗恶病质相关疲劳的一种有前景的综合干预措施。在一项安慰剂对照研究中,L肉碱有助于维持体重、体脂和营养状况148。
12. 口腔粘膜炎:特征是口腔表面溃疡性病变,非常疼痛、难受。作为一种癌症治疗的常见并发症,40-80%化疗患者会发生,并可能导致口腔粘膜感染;口腔粘膜炎引起的疼痛和继发感染风险通常通过口腔卫生实践、局部麻醉剂、漱口水和其他具有抗炎、镇痛和抗菌特性的药物来控制150,151。
综合干预可能采用的天然成分如下:
- 蜂蜜加咖啡:在一项有趣的双盲随机临床试验中,研究人员将75名患有化疗诱导的口腔粘膜炎的成年人分为三组。第一组接受含有类固醇的糖浆状溶液;第二组接受含有蜂蜜的类似溶液;第三组接受蜂蜜加咖啡的溶液。研究参与者每三小时啜饮10ml溶液,持续一周。尽管所有三组都从治疗中受益,但接受蜂蜜加咖啡的组表现出最大的改善152。一项对已发表研究的荟萃分析得出结论,蜂蜜可以有效预防化疗和放疗诱导的口腔粘膜炎153。
- N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC):在一项随机对照试验中,接受骨髓移植的白血病患者在接受高剂量化疗之前,在手术后15天内每天给予100mg/kg NAC或安慰剂。NAC治疗组严重口腔粘膜炎的发生率显著降低,持续时间更短154。
- 硒:通过参与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶系统来保护细胞,并防止一些化疗药物引起的毒性作用。一项临床研究评估了硒对77名接受骨髓移植的白血病患者预防口腔粘膜炎的疗效。37名患者接受200mcg口服硒,每天两次,40名匹配的患者从化疗第一天到移植后14天接受安慰剂。硒治疗组严重口腔粘膜炎的发生率和中度至重度症状的持续时间显著降低155。
- 谷氨酰胺:谷氨酰胺已被局部用作口服补充剂,并通过静脉注射预防和治疗放化疗诱导的口腔粘膜炎,结果喜忧参半156。在一项随机对照试验中,40名先前未经治疗的头颈部癌症患者在六周内接受安慰剂或10g谷氨酰胺治疗,每天三次,在此期间,他们接受辐射加顺铂和多烯紫杉醇治疗。安慰剂组有四分之一的受试者出现严重粘膜炎,谷氨酰胺组没有。从第4周到第6周,服用谷氨酰胺的受试者的粘膜炎严重程度减轻,疼痛评分降低157。
13. 维生素D缺乏:其在免疫系统健康、钙代谢和癌症预防方面尤其重要158。
维生素D有助于调节多种组织类型中的细胞增殖并减缓恶性细胞的生长159。此外,实验室研究表明,维生素D可以使某些类型的癌症对化疗的毒性作用敏感。例如,在一项实验室研究中,维生素D预处理增强了阿霉素对乳腺癌症细胞的细胞毒性160。
化疗可能会降低维生素D水平。在一项针对局部晚期乳癌妇女的研究中,超过79%的受试者在化疗前维生素D不足(25-羟基维生素D水平低于30ng/mL),化疗后这一数字增加到97%以上161。一项针对50名结直肠癌患者的研究发现,与未接受化疗的患者相比,接受化疗的患者在补充维生素D后血液中维生素D水平的上升明显减弱162。
化疗可能会降低维生素D水平。在一项针对局部晚期乳癌妇女的研究中,超过79%的受试者在化疗前维生素D不足(25-羟基维生素D水平低于30ng/mL),化疗后这一数字增加到97%以上161。一项针对50名结直肠癌患者的研究发现,与未接受化疗的患者相比,接受化疗的患者在补充维生素D后血液中维生素D水平的上升明显减弱162。
促进化疗药作用
经实验室和人体研究,下列天然成分可能有助于促进有些化疗药治疗作用:- 酶改性米糠(MGN-3/Biobran):临床前研究表明,该特制的多糖体化合物可以提高紫杉醇杀死转移性和非转移性乳腺癌症细胞的能力。一项研究发现,酶改性米糠使乳腺癌细胞对紫杉醇的易感性增加了100倍以上。该提取物与紫杉醇协同作用,导致DNA损伤,增强细胞凋亡,并抑制转移性乳腺癌症细胞的增殖163。在其他实验室研究中,酶改性米糠提高了化疗剂柔红霉素杀死乳腺癌症细胞的能力164,并促进了白血病细胞的凋亡165。
酶改性米糠也被证实对肝癌常规治疗的补充。在一项针对68名肝癌患者的随机对照试验中,酶改性米糠可提高常用治疗方法的疗效,包括化疗栓塞、乙醇注射、冷冻消融和射频消融。38名受试者接受了介入治疗,并在三年内每天接受1g米糠提取物,而30名受试人单独接受了介入疗法。与单独的介入治疗相比,酶改性米糠联合介入治疗降低了疾病复发率(31%对46%),提高了两年后的生存率(35%对6.7%),并显著减少了肿瘤体积166。此外,在接受米糠提取物的组中,不良副作用不太常见。
酶改性米糠被称为“生物反应调节剂”,因为它可以调节免疫功能的几个方面。研究表明,酶改性米糠可激活自然杀伤细胞、T细胞、巨噬细胞和单核细胞167。这些作用,以及刺激内源性自由基清除酶的能力168,可能是酶改性米糠提取物具有强大抗癌和化学增敏作用的原因165,167。
- 发酵小麦胚芽提取物(FWGE):爱维麦FWGE(Avemar™)在欧洲被批准为“癌症患者特殊医学用途食品”,并且已经成为许多临床前和临床研究的主题,研究其作为直接化疗剂以及作为标准癌症放疗和化疗的补充的潜力51。在这些能力下,这种新型天然化合物显示出相当大的前景,没有明显的毒性或对化疗疗效的干扰。FWGE作为癌症标准治疗的补充,一直是许多开放标签试验的主题52。
在一项开放性试验中,21名口腔癌症患者接受了标准治疗,包括手术和术后放疗和/或化疗,22名患者除接受标准治疗外,还接受了FWGE。与对照组相比,FWGE组具有明显更好的结果。对照组局部肿瘤复发和癌症进展的发生率分别为57.1%和61.9%,FWGE组相应的发生率为4.5%和9.1%。在标准治疗中加入FWGE可将癌症进展的风险降低85%52。
在另一项针对170名曾接受过手术治疗的大肠癌患者的开放性试验中,补充FWGE导致进展相关事件显著减少。在66名除标准放疗和/或化疗外服用该补充剂至少六个月的患者中,只有3%的患者患有癌症复发,而在104名单独接受标准治疗的患者中复发率为17.3%。与单独接受标准治疗的受试者相比,接受FWGE治疗的受检者新发癌症转移率较低(7.6%对23.1%),死亡风险较低(12.1%对31.7%),无进展生存率较高(83.3%对57.7%),FWGE治疗比放疗或化疗更能预测生存率169。
一项针对黑色素瘤患者的随机开放标签临床试验将FWGE补充与达卡巴嗪化疗进行了比较。手术后,参与者单独服用达卡巴嗪或服用FWGE(每天8.5g)。7年后,接受FWGE治疗的患者平均无进展生存期更长(55.8个月对29.9个月),平均总生存期较长(66.2个月对44.7个月)170。
- 金雀异黄酮:或称染料木素,是大豆异黄酮的主要成分,已作为营养补充剂广泛使用171。一项临床前研究发现染料木素使癌症细胞对化疗剂阿糖胞苷敏感172。在一项细胞培养研究和动物模型中,染料木黄酮加卡巴他赛(Jevtana)比对照溶液或单独使用更能显著减缓转移性去势耐受性前列腺癌症的生长173。在一组类似的临床前研究中,染料木黄酮使非霍奇金淋巴瘤的弥漫性大细胞淋巴瘤亚型对该疾病的标准化疗组合(环磷酰胺、阿霉素、长春新碱和泼尼松)敏感,增加了化疗的抗肿瘤效果174。在一项实验室研究中,染料木黄酮增强了阿霉素对HER2阳性乳腺癌症细胞的细胞毒性作用,并且该组合似乎灭活了HER2受体175。在前列腺、乳腺、肺和胰腺癌症细胞中进行的研究表明,染料木黄酮预处理可以增强细胞生长抑制和癌症细胞因顺铂、多烯紫杉醇和阿霉素而死亡176。
- 绿茶:在非小细胞肺癌的动物模型中,顺铂和绿茶多酚EGCG治疗比单独治疗更有效地抑制肿瘤生长。作者推测EGCG可能有利于改善非小细胞肺癌的血供和肿瘤微环境177。
胆管癌是一种通常对化疗反应较差的癌症178。在小鼠肿瘤模型中,口服绿茶增加了肿瘤中的阿霉素浓度,并使阿霉素对肿瘤生长的抑制作用增强了2.5倍179。另一项使用相同小鼠肿瘤模型的研究发现,在给予高剂量EGCG的小鼠中,肿瘤缩小的程度比给予顺铂的小鼠更大。此外,当与顺铂一起使用时,EGCG可增强细胞毒性并降低肾毒性180。在暴露于化疗药物伊立替康之前和之后,所提供饮水中的绿茶多酚可以防止小鼠胃肠道的氧化应激181。
- 萝卜硫素及其相关化合物:来自西兰花和其他十字花科蔬菜的含硫植物化学物质在癌症化疗中显示出有希望的补充作用183。这些化合物包括硫代葡萄糖苷和异硫氰酸酯如萝卜硫素184。
临床前研究已经证明了含硫化合物提高化疗效果的潜力。在食管癌细胞系中,萝卜硫素降低了多药耐药蛋白(将癌症药物泵出癌细胞)的表达,增加了化疗药物的抗癌作用184。在卵巢癌中,对顺铂的耐药性是成功治疗的主要障碍185。在一项实验室研究中,顺铂敏感和顺铂耐药的卵巢癌细胞暴露于顺铂、顺铂加绿茶EGCG或顺铂加萝卜硫素;萝卜硫素和EGCG都增加了顺铂诱导的细胞死亡和细胞分裂中断186。一种豆瓣菜衍生的异硫氰酸酯成功地使宫颈癌细胞对顺铂敏感,加速了癌细胞的死亡187。在乳腺癌啮齿动物模型中,每日注射萝卜硫素可减少癌症干细胞并下调癌细胞自我更新信号通路188。
萝卜硫素还可能在保护健康细胞免受癌症治疗引起的毒性损伤方面发挥作用。萝卜硫素减少了暴露于辐射的培养白细胞中DNA损伤的迹象,以及阿霉素和博来霉素(布洛诺环)189,表明它可能保护健康细胞免受化疗引起的毒性。一项啮齿动物研究表明,萝卜硫素预处理可减少顺铂诱导的肝脏氧化损伤,并保留线粒体功能190。
- 南非醉茄:可以减少环磷酰胺、紫杉醇和阿霉素的副作用,而不会减少这些药物的抗癌作用。在动物模型中,南非醉茄改善了接受这些化疗药物治疗的动物的白细胞和骨髓反应,减少了对健康组织的毒性损伤,并保留了器官功能。南非醉茄还减少了肿瘤细胞的增殖,同时增加了动物的生存时间191。在一项研究中,与未接受南非醉茄治疗的荷瘤小鼠相比,接受南非醉茄治疗的荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤细胞计数和肿瘤重量减少,寿命延长27.5%191。
营养与草本综合干预
基于循证医学和循证营养学有关文献综合,可点击其综合干预方案如下:
- 化疗管理(化疗药增敏)
- 化疗管理(防化疗疲劳)
- 化疗管理(抗免疫抑制)
- 化疗管理(维持血细胞数)
- 化疗管理(抗恶心、呕吐)
- 化疗管理(防外周神经病变)
- 化疗管理(减少心脏毒性)
- 化疗管理(降低肾毒性)
- 化疗管理(减少脱发)
- 化疗管理(抗味觉障碍)
- 化疗管理(防手足综合征)
- 化疗管理(抗“化疗脑”)
- 化疗管理(防胃肠紊乱)
- 化疗管理(抗恶病质)
- 化疗管理(减少口腔炎)
- 化疗管理(防维生素D缺乏)
了解癌症更多的治疗及防控方法,可参考本网如下专文:
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参考来源:
美国癌症学会
http://www.cancer.org
美国国立补充整体医学中心
https://nccih.nih.gov/
美国化疗网
http://www.chemotherapy.com
加拿大癌症学会
http://www.cancer.ca
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