肝代谢解毒(专业版)
排毒的内涵很广泛,包括螯合、抗毒素疗法,以及胃肠排空和结肠清洗等等。肝代谢排毒是指通过特定的代谢途径,处理和消除体内有害化学物质。
其他名称:肝排毒
英文名称:Detoxification,Metabolic Detoxification
解毒反应遵循三个酶促反应阶段:
营养与草本综合干预
以下是基于循证医学和循证营养学有关文献综合的结果。
有助于肝代谢解毒的营养和草本补充剂,主要包括如下:
1.宏量和微量营养素:
鉴于参与代谢解毒及其相关途径的各种酶和转运蛋白的数量之多,肝解毒依赖于大量饮食因素,并且对这些因素敏感也就不足为奇了1。
宏量营养素和微量营养素的摄入影响I期和II期反应系统。蛋白质缺乏会降低CYP代谢,而高蛋白饮食会增加CYP代谢2。碳水化合物的作用效果则相反;脂质对CYP代谢的影响尚不清楚。有效的I期反应需要足够的几种微量营养素,缺乏维生素A、B2和B3、叶酸、C、E、铁、钙、铜、锌、镁、硒都已被证明会降低一种或多种I期酶的活性,或减缓特定药物的转化2。
II期酶的多样化需要同样多样化的必需营养素,尤其是维生素B族作为辅因子。用于GST结合的还原型谷胱甘肽依赖于足够的膳食含硫氨基酸(甲硫氨酸或半胱氨酸)、用于将甲硫氨酸转化为半胱氨酸的维生素B6,以及用于循环氧化型谷胱甘肽的谷胱甘肽还原酶活性的维生素B2和B3。
甲基化反应使用SAMe作为底物;反过来,SAMe是通过叶酸和维生素B12依赖性的酶促反应合成的。NAT和氨基酸酰基转移酶的结合反应使用辅因子乙酰辅酶A,它是由维生素B5合成的,使用的酶本身依赖于多种B族维生素。
一些II期反应以某种方式需要能量分子ATP。例如,II期甲基化、磺化、葡糖醛酸化和谷胱甘肽结合反应的化学辅因子都是使用ATP合成的;这些ATP介导的反应是镁依赖性的。
2. N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC):
NAC可以为谷胱甘肽的生产提供硫的替代来源。NAC本身是一种自由基清除剂,可有效减少氧化应激,特别是由于重金属毒性3。因为它可以直接补充谷胱甘肽储存,NAC在预防肝损伤方面比甲硫氨酸更有效4,因此是目前治疗对乙酰氨基酚毒性的药物。它也是治疗非对乙酰氨基酚药物毒性引起的急性肝衰竭的有效方法5。
3.水飞蓟:
水飞蓟是治疗肝病研究最深入的植物6,含有几种相关多酚化合物的混合物(即水飞蓟素)。水飞蓟素通过几种互补机制促进排毒。水飞蓟素的抗氧化能力可以降低与毒素代谢相关的肝脏氧化应激,特别是脂质过氧化7,从而具有保护细胞谷胱甘肽水平的作用8。
与NAC一样,水飞蓟素可以保护肝脏免受对乙酰氨基酚的毒性(可能通过保护谷胱甘肽水平的类似机制)。然而,如果延迟治疗,水飞蓟素可能是一种比NAC更有效的对乙酰氨基酚解毒剂(在动物模型中,过量服用后24小时内给药有效)9。
4.黄酮类化合物:
黄酮类在体外和动物模型中被广泛研究,因为它们能够降低CYP的活性,增加II期酶活性(它们倾向于抑制的SULTs除外)10。柚皮素(葡萄柚中的主要黄酮类)对CYP活性的抑制已在人体中得到充分证明11。因此,建议在服用处方药时避免食用葡萄柚。其他类黄酮在动物模型中显示出对多种CYPs的轻度抑制作用,包括大豆中的染料木素、大豆苷元、雌马酚12,13和红茶中的茶黄素14。
然而,绿茶提取物(绿茶多酚)、槲皮素衍生物异槲皮素和芦丁是大多数类黄酮的例外;绿茶单宁可以增加体内CYP活性15,但也可以增加II期活性(GST和UGT)。类似地,槲皮素衍生物被证明可以增加大鼠的肠道和肝脏CYP;槲皮素在本实验中对CYP没有影响16。
5.Nrf2激活剂:
在体外或细胞培养中,多种膳食成分已显示可激活Nrf2并直接增加II期酶的活性。其中包括绿茶多酚EGCG(表没食子儿茶素没食子酸盐)17、白藜芦醇18、姜黄素19及其代谢产物四氢姜黄素(具有更大的II期活性)20、肉桂醛21、咖啡酸苯乙酯、硫辛酸22、 α-生育酚23、番茄红素24、苹果多酚(绿原酸和根皮苷)25、银杏叶26、查尔酮27、辣椒素28、橄榄羟基酪醇29、大蒜的9烯丙基硫化物30、叶绿素31和啤酒花的黄腐酚32。这些植物化学物质的有益作用已在许多动物和人类研究中得到证实,特别是其化学预防和抗氧化能力。这些作用可以解释为它们通过Nrf2信号间接刺激抗氧化酶的产生和II期解毒33。
6.异硫氰酸酯:
硫代葡萄糖苷衍生的异硫氰酸酯是具有强大化学预防特性的活性硫化合物。典型的成员如萝卜硫素(来自西兰花成分)是几种人类癌症研究试验的主题34。
萝卜硫素和吲哚3甲醇(I3C)等吲哚类,是II期解毒酶最有效的天然诱导剂35。萝卜硫素和I3C的衍生物都直接激活Nrf236,从而增加了几种保护酶的产生,包括GSTs、UGTs、谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶(合成谷胱甘肽)以及NQO137。I3C衍生物也是许多I期和II期酶的强诱导剂,因此是研究最充分的用于解毒和癌症预防的植物化学素之一38-42。
来自日本辣根43,44和十字花科蔬菜中的异硫氰酸苄酯(BITC)的化合物45类似地通过Nrf2活化刺激II期酶活性。萝卜硫素和BITC均能降低CYP活性46。
7.大蒜:
大蒜的硫成分是各种CYP的抑制剂47,并在大鼠胃肠道组织中诱导GST和NQO1活性48。通过激活Nrf2,大蒜中的成分能够逆转实验室大鼠肝脏中有毒金属化合物引起的抗氧化酶的耗竭49。
8. D葡糖酸钙:
D葡糖酸钙存在于许多水果和蔬菜中,并可在人体内少量产生50。当在肠道中被激活时,它起到抑制β-葡糖醛酸酶的作用,后者是一种由结肠细菌和肠细胞产生的酶。在肠道中,β-葡糖醛酸酶从中和的毒素中去除(解偶联)葡糖醛酸,根本上逆转了UGTs催化的反应。解偶联使毒素恢复到以前的危险形式,并使其被重新吸收。此外,β-葡糖醛酸酶活性升高与癌症风险增加有关51。
9. D-柠檬烯:
来自柑橘油的D柠檬烯已在非对照人体试验和动物研究中被发现具有抗癌活性,并取得了一些成功52;这种化学预防活性的一部分是由于I期和II期酶的诱导。在大鼠中,D-柠檬烯已被证明可增加总CYP活性53、肠道UGT活性54以及肝脏GST和UGT活性55,56。
10.叶绿素:
叶绿酸(Chlorophyllin)是一种叶绿素(Chlorophyll)衍生物57,可抑制CYP活性58,并刺激细胞培养和啮齿动物模型中的GST活性59。叶绿酸和叶绿素的独特化学结构使其能够结合并“捕获”肠道中的毒素,阻止其吸收。在动物模型中,叶绿酸和叶绿素降低了几种环境致癌物生物利用度,并加速了其排泄60-62。
毒素捕获可能部分解释了对中国启东居民进行的人体试验的结果。启东是一个因接触黄曲霉毒素(一种由真菌曲霉产生的毒素)而导致肝癌高发的地区。在180名每天三次服用100mg叶绿酸的人中,与未经治疗的人相比,尿液中DNA黄曲霉毒素偶联物(DNA突变的标志物)的水平下降了55%63。
11.益生菌:
某些益生菌菌株可以通过捕获和代谢外源性物质或重金属来最大限度地减少毒素暴露64。例子包括黄曲霉毒素和棒曲霉素(曲霉属霉菌产生的两种毒素)的解毒65,杂环胺和二甲基肼的代谢66,以及铅和镉的螯合67。此外,乳酸菌(来自膳食纤维的发酵)生产短链脂肪酸丁酸盐已显示出刺激肠细胞培养中GST的产生。这也可能有助于膳食纤维的一些抗癌特性68。
12.法国橡木提取物:
法国橡木富含特有的Roburins和其他黄酮类化合物,已被研究其可能的疲劳减轻作用。新的研究表明,它在代谢解毒和保护肝脏免受损伤方面也发挥着重要作用69。
在一项开放标签临床试验中,研究人员评估了法国橡木提取物对酒精引起的轻度暂时性肝衰竭患者的影响,其特征是白蛋白水平下降、总胆红素升高、肝功能酶改变和高氧化应激。共有44名患者接受了标准治疗,并被分为两组,其中一组每天接受300mg法国橡木提取物,持续12周。标准管理包括良好的饮水、休息和避免饮酒。在第6周和第12周进行血液测试。与未接受法国橡木提取物的组相比,接受法国橡木提取的组在6周时肝功能的蛋白标记物(白蛋白和总胆红素)显著改善,在12周时肝功酶显著改善,并在6周和12周时显著降低氧化应激70。
13.III期转运蛋白:
虽然对清除健康细胞中的毒素很重要,但也会通过增加其清除率来降低药物治疗的有效性。这对化疗药物尤其有问题,因为III期转运蛋白使癌症细胞产生耐药性。因此,刺激III期反应可能并不总是可取的。
饮食因素可能对III期转运蛋白产生不同的影响。例如,苹果多酚71和萝卜硫素(相当于大约两份西兰花含量)72都刺激III期蛋白质的活性。相反,姜黄素代谢产物四氢姜黄素降低了人类宫颈癌和癌症细胞系中III期转运蛋白的活性73。白藜芦醇降低了III期蛋白质合成,从而防止急性髓系白血病细胞在细胞培养中对化疗药物阿霉素产生耐药性74。水飞蓟宾是水飞蓟的主要成分75,在体外和体内也是一种III期抑制剂76。
14.胆汁流与朝鲜蓟等:
作为体内毒素的主要载体,适当的胆汁流动是代谢排毒过程中至关重要的最后一步。肝内功能障碍或胆管堵塞导致的胆汁流障碍(胆汁淤积)可导致肝脏毒素积聚和肝损伤。胆汁淤积也可能是排毒过程本身的结果;越来越多的证据表明,临床药物的解毒和排泄到胆汁中会产生胆汁淤积性肝病77。朝鲜蓟在民间医学中作为肝脏保护剂和刺激胆汁流动(胆汁分泌)已经使用了几个世纪,是研究得最好的草药利胆剂。
朝鲜蓟含有几种抗氧化剂,可以防止肝脏氧化损伤,还含有咖啡酰奎宁酸,这些酸已在动物模型中被证明可以刺激胆汁流动78。咖啡酰奎宁酸(Caffeoylquinic)也可能对蓍草花79,80、茴香81和蒲公英82的利胆特性起作用。穿心莲、大蒜、小茴香、生姜、咖喱和芥末叶也被证明可以刺激啮齿动物模型中的胆汁流动或胆汁酸的产生83-86。
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英文名称:Detoxification,Metabolic Detoxification
定义
排毒的内涵很广泛,包括螯合、抗毒素疗法,以及胃肠排空和结肠清洗等等。肝代谢排毒是指通过特定的代谢途径,处理和消除体内有害化学物质。它涉及一系列中和及溶解毒素的酶促反应,并将其从特定器官(如肝脏、肾脏和汗腺等)排泄出去。这也是人体消除外源性有害物质的主要机制。同样地,体内过量激素、维生素和炎性分子等,也被相同的酶促解毒系统消除。因此,代谢排毒反应,不仅保护机体免受环境有害物质的侵害,也维持着体内的自身健康平衡。为什么要排毒
毒素一般是指有机体(如细菌和真菌等)产生的有毒化合物,又称为生物毒素;而有毒性作用的化合物通常应称为毒物。这些有害物可干预正常生理活动并破坏机体功能。人体的毒素和毒物主要包括如下:- 内源性:例如自由基、炎性分子、信号化合物,及激素、胆固醇、脂肪、尿酸和乳酸等内生性物质。
- 外源性有害物主要包括如下:
- 食物污染,如致病菌、微生物毒素、农药残留、工业废物和重金属等
- 食物加工类毒素,如苯并芘、丙烯酰胺和N亚硝基化合物等,有诱变和致癌作用(DNA损伤或突变)。
- 有害气体,包括如新装修房室内的挥发性有毒物,大气污染(如雾霾)等,可引起肾脏损害、免疫紊乱、激素失衡、血液疾病,以及哮喘和支气管炎的增加等。
了解肝脏排毒过程
肝脏是最主要的代谢排毒器官。解毒本质上就是从体内除去不需要的脂溶性化合物的代谢过程。这些化合物包括内生的废物和外源性的有害物。解毒反应遵循三个酶促反应阶段:
- I期解毒反应— 酶转化:将脂溶性化合物(毒素)转化为水溶性化合物,为II期解毒作准备。I期解毒主要通过细胞色素P450(CYP)酶家族进行。
- II期解毒反应— 酶缀合:酶修饰I期产物以增加其溶解度并降低毒性。II期酶的激活负责代谢解毒系统的抗诱变和抗致癌物。因此,II期酶可以防止化学致癌作用,尤其在癌症的发生阶段。大多数II期酶的产生是由蛋白核因子2(Nrf2)控制的,Nrf2是调节抗氧化基因表达的关键转录因子,是参与合成和激活的重要解毒分子(包括谷胱甘肽和超氧化物歧化酶SOD)。一些食物成分如萝卜硫素(来自西兰花)、黄腐酚(来自啤酒花)可直接激活Nrf2和抗氧化酶活性。
- UGTs 酶(UDP葡萄糖醛酸转移酶):催化大多数临床药物的葡萄糖醛酸化,以及几种环境毒素。
- GSTs酶(谷胱甘肽硫转移酶):缀合毒素的抗氧化谷胱甘肽,可直接解毒自由基。
- SULTs酶(磺基转移酶):催化磺化反应,对控制性激素水平很重要。
- 甲基转移酶,利用S腺苷蛋氨酸(SAMe)催化甲基化反应,主要降解过量的儿茶酚胺神经递质,如多巴胺、肾上腺素等。
- 芳胺N-乙酰转移酶(NATs):降解芳香胺和杂环胺等致癌物。
- 氨基酸缀合酶:负责与氨基酸(如甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺)结合和降解毒素。
- III期解毒反应—运输蛋白,包括将结合毒素转运进入或离开细胞,III期不同的转运蛋白协同作用将来自身体不同部位(包括肝、肾、肠、脑等)的毒素汇聚到胆汁或尿液中排泄。
- 肝脏毒物通常运输到胆汁中进入肠道而排出,有的可能被输送到血液中再经肾脏处理后排出。
- 肠道粘膜细胞在吸收时也可以解毒,并将毒素释放回肠腔中排出。
- 肾脏可循环过滤和进一步处理毒素,并降它们从尿液中排泄出去。
影响肝排毒的因素
上述肝脏解毒反应过程中,保持I期和II期的平衡是关键。I期代谢产物毒性最强,如果II期酶在其形成时可快速中和I期产物则不会造成损害。然而,二者平衡大多受到如下影响:- 饮食营养,营养不良、过剩或失衡普遍存在
- 生活习惯,例如吸烟和饮酒,两者均诱导I期
- 年龄因素,肝功能衰减、退化,可降低II期解毒反应的酶活性等
- 健康状况,尤其涉及肝脏的疾病和炎症性疾病等
- 性别关系
- 遗传因素
肝排毒与营养关系
鉴于涉及代谢毒素及其相关途径的多种酶和转运蛋白的数量庞大,解毒过程需要众多的营养支撑,并对营养不足或失衡敏感:- I期解毒反应需要足够的蛋白质,以及足量的微量元素,包括维生素A、E、C、B2、B3和叶酸,以及铁、钙、铜、锌、镁和硒等,缺乏可降低多种I期酶的活性。
- II期解毒反应,多样化的酶尤其需要B族维生素作为辅助因子。对GST酶偶联反应,与含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸或半胱氨酸)密切相关;甲基化反应使用S腺苷蛋氨酸(SAM e)作为底物,通过和依赖叶酸和维生素B12合成等。II期解毒反应需要大量的细胞能量ATP,而ATP生成对镁元素有依赖性。
- III期解毒阶段:与I、II反应相比显得不那么重要。因此,其刺激可能并不总是需要的。
- 胆汁流与朝鲜蓟:胆汁作为体内毒素的主要载体,是代谢解毒过程的最后关键一步。胆汁不足或淤积,可导致肝毒素积聚和肝损伤。数世纪来,欧洲民间使用朝鲜蓟刺激胆汁分泌,保护肝脏。朝鲜蓟也是经深入研究的、最好的利胆草药之一。
肝排毒疗法
综合疗法包括如下:营养与草本综合干预
以下是基于循证医学和循证营养学有关文献综合的结果。
有助于肝代谢解毒的营养和草本补充剂,主要包括如下:
1.宏量和微量营养素:
鉴于参与代谢解毒及其相关途径的各种酶和转运蛋白的数量之多,肝解毒依赖于大量饮食因素,并且对这些因素敏感也就不足为奇了1。
宏量营养素和微量营养素的摄入影响I期和II期反应系统。蛋白质缺乏会降低CYP代谢,而高蛋白饮食会增加CYP代谢2。碳水化合物的作用效果则相反;脂质对CYP代谢的影响尚不清楚。有效的I期反应需要足够的几种微量营养素,缺乏维生素A、B2和B3、叶酸、C、E、铁、钙、铜、锌、镁、硒都已被证明会降低一种或多种I期酶的活性,或减缓特定药物的转化2。
II期酶的多样化需要同样多样化的必需营养素,尤其是维生素B族作为辅因子。用于GST结合的还原型谷胱甘肽依赖于足够的膳食含硫氨基酸(甲硫氨酸或半胱氨酸)、用于将甲硫氨酸转化为半胱氨酸的维生素B6,以及用于循环氧化型谷胱甘肽的谷胱甘肽还原酶活性的维生素B2和B3。
甲基化反应使用SAMe作为底物;反过来,SAMe是通过叶酸和维生素B12依赖性的酶促反应合成的。NAT和氨基酸酰基转移酶的结合反应使用辅因子乙酰辅酶A,它是由维生素B5合成的,使用的酶本身依赖于多种B族维生素。
一些II期反应以某种方式需要能量分子ATP。例如,II期甲基化、磺化、葡糖醛酸化和谷胱甘肽结合反应的化学辅因子都是使用ATP合成的;这些ATP介导的反应是镁依赖性的。
2. N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC):
NAC可以为谷胱甘肽的生产提供硫的替代来源。NAC本身是一种自由基清除剂,可有效减少氧化应激,特别是由于重金属毒性3。因为它可以直接补充谷胱甘肽储存,NAC在预防肝损伤方面比甲硫氨酸更有效4,因此是目前治疗对乙酰氨基酚毒性的药物。它也是治疗非对乙酰氨基酚药物毒性引起的急性肝衰竭的有效方法5。
3.水飞蓟:
水飞蓟是治疗肝病研究最深入的植物6,含有几种相关多酚化合物的混合物(即水飞蓟素)。水飞蓟素通过几种互补机制促进排毒。水飞蓟素的抗氧化能力可以降低与毒素代谢相关的肝脏氧化应激,特别是脂质过氧化7,从而具有保护细胞谷胱甘肽水平的作用8。
与NAC一样,水飞蓟素可以保护肝脏免受对乙酰氨基酚的毒性(可能通过保护谷胱甘肽水平的类似机制)。然而,如果延迟治疗,水飞蓟素可能是一种比NAC更有效的对乙酰氨基酚解毒剂(在动物模型中,过量服用后24小时内给药有效)9。
4.黄酮类化合物:
黄酮类在体外和动物模型中被广泛研究,因为它们能够降低CYP的活性,增加II期酶活性(它们倾向于抑制的SULTs除外)10。柚皮素(葡萄柚中的主要黄酮类)对CYP活性的抑制已在人体中得到充分证明11。因此,建议在服用处方药时避免食用葡萄柚。其他类黄酮在动物模型中显示出对多种CYPs的轻度抑制作用,包括大豆中的染料木素、大豆苷元、雌马酚12,13和红茶中的茶黄素14。
然而,绿茶提取物(绿茶多酚)、槲皮素衍生物异槲皮素和芦丁是大多数类黄酮的例外;绿茶单宁可以增加体内CYP活性15,但也可以增加II期活性(GST和UGT)。类似地,槲皮素衍生物被证明可以增加大鼠的肠道和肝脏CYP;槲皮素在本实验中对CYP没有影响16。
5.Nrf2激活剂:
在体外或细胞培养中,多种膳食成分已显示可激活Nrf2并直接增加II期酶的活性。其中包括绿茶多酚EGCG(表没食子儿茶素没食子酸盐)17、白藜芦醇18、姜黄素19及其代谢产物四氢姜黄素(具有更大的II期活性)20、肉桂醛21、咖啡酸苯乙酯、硫辛酸22、 α-生育酚23、番茄红素24、苹果多酚(绿原酸和根皮苷)25、银杏叶26、查尔酮27、辣椒素28、橄榄羟基酪醇29、大蒜的9烯丙基硫化物30、叶绿素31和啤酒花的黄腐酚32。这些植物化学物质的有益作用已在许多动物和人类研究中得到证实,特别是其化学预防和抗氧化能力。这些作用可以解释为它们通过Nrf2信号间接刺激抗氧化酶的产生和II期解毒33。
6.异硫氰酸酯:
硫代葡萄糖苷衍生的异硫氰酸酯是具有强大化学预防特性的活性硫化合物。典型的成员如萝卜硫素(来自西兰花成分)是几种人类癌症研究试验的主题34。
萝卜硫素和吲哚3甲醇(I3C)等吲哚类,是II期解毒酶最有效的天然诱导剂35。萝卜硫素和I3C的衍生物都直接激活Nrf236,从而增加了几种保护酶的产生,包括GSTs、UGTs、谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶(合成谷胱甘肽)以及NQO137。I3C衍生物也是许多I期和II期酶的强诱导剂,因此是研究最充分的用于解毒和癌症预防的植物化学素之一38-42。
来自日本辣根43,44和十字花科蔬菜中的异硫氰酸苄酯(BITC)的化合物45类似地通过Nrf2活化刺激II期酶活性。萝卜硫素和BITC均能降低CYP活性46。
7.大蒜:
大蒜的硫成分是各种CYP的抑制剂47,并在大鼠胃肠道组织中诱导GST和NQO1活性48。通过激活Nrf2,大蒜中的成分能够逆转实验室大鼠肝脏中有毒金属化合物引起的抗氧化酶的耗竭49。
8. D葡糖酸钙:
D葡糖酸钙存在于许多水果和蔬菜中,并可在人体内少量产生50。当在肠道中被激活时,它起到抑制β-葡糖醛酸酶的作用,后者是一种由结肠细菌和肠细胞产生的酶。在肠道中,β-葡糖醛酸酶从中和的毒素中去除(解偶联)葡糖醛酸,根本上逆转了UGTs催化的反应。解偶联使毒素恢复到以前的危险形式,并使其被重新吸收。此外,β-葡糖醛酸酶活性升高与癌症风险增加有关51。
9. D-柠檬烯:
来自柑橘油的D柠檬烯已在非对照人体试验和动物研究中被发现具有抗癌活性,并取得了一些成功52;这种化学预防活性的一部分是由于I期和II期酶的诱导。在大鼠中,D-柠檬烯已被证明可增加总CYP活性53、肠道UGT活性54以及肝脏GST和UGT活性55,56。
10.叶绿素:
叶绿酸(Chlorophyllin)是一种叶绿素(Chlorophyll)衍生物57,可抑制CYP活性58,并刺激细胞培养和啮齿动物模型中的GST活性59。叶绿酸和叶绿素的独特化学结构使其能够结合并“捕获”肠道中的毒素,阻止其吸收。在动物模型中,叶绿酸和叶绿素降低了几种环境致癌物生物利用度,并加速了其排泄60-62。
毒素捕获可能部分解释了对中国启东居民进行的人体试验的结果。启东是一个因接触黄曲霉毒素(一种由真菌曲霉产生的毒素)而导致肝癌高发的地区。在180名每天三次服用100mg叶绿酸的人中,与未经治疗的人相比,尿液中DNA黄曲霉毒素偶联物(DNA突变的标志物)的水平下降了55%63。
11.益生菌:
某些益生菌菌株可以通过捕获和代谢外源性物质或重金属来最大限度地减少毒素暴露64。例子包括黄曲霉毒素和棒曲霉素(曲霉属霉菌产生的两种毒素)的解毒65,杂环胺和二甲基肼的代谢66,以及铅和镉的螯合67。此外,乳酸菌(来自膳食纤维的发酵)生产短链脂肪酸丁酸盐已显示出刺激肠细胞培养中GST的产生。这也可能有助于膳食纤维的一些抗癌特性68。
12.法国橡木提取物:
法国橡木富含特有的Roburins和其他黄酮类化合物,已被研究其可能的疲劳减轻作用。新的研究表明,它在代谢解毒和保护肝脏免受损伤方面也发挥着重要作用69。
在一项开放标签临床试验中,研究人员评估了法国橡木提取物对酒精引起的轻度暂时性肝衰竭患者的影响,其特征是白蛋白水平下降、总胆红素升高、肝功能酶改变和高氧化应激。共有44名患者接受了标准治疗,并被分为两组,其中一组每天接受300mg法国橡木提取物,持续12周。标准管理包括良好的饮水、休息和避免饮酒。在第6周和第12周进行血液测试。与未接受法国橡木提取物的组相比,接受法国橡木提取的组在6周时肝功能的蛋白标记物(白蛋白和总胆红素)显著改善,在12周时肝功酶显著改善,并在6周和12周时显著降低氧化应激70。
13.III期转运蛋白:
虽然对清除健康细胞中的毒素很重要,但也会通过增加其清除率来降低药物治疗的有效性。这对化疗药物尤其有问题,因为III期转运蛋白使癌症细胞产生耐药性。因此,刺激III期反应可能并不总是可取的。
饮食因素可能对III期转运蛋白产生不同的影响。例如,苹果多酚71和萝卜硫素(相当于大约两份西兰花含量)72都刺激III期蛋白质的活性。相反,姜黄素代谢产物四氢姜黄素降低了人类宫颈癌和癌症细胞系中III期转运蛋白的活性73。白藜芦醇降低了III期蛋白质合成,从而防止急性髓系白血病细胞在细胞培养中对化疗药物阿霉素产生耐药性74。水飞蓟宾是水飞蓟的主要成分75,在体外和体内也是一种III期抑制剂76。
14.胆汁流与朝鲜蓟等:
作为体内毒素的主要载体,适当的胆汁流动是代谢排毒过程中至关重要的最后一步。肝内功能障碍或胆管堵塞导致的胆汁流障碍(胆汁淤积)可导致肝脏毒素积聚和肝损伤。胆汁淤积也可能是排毒过程本身的结果;越来越多的证据表明,临床药物的解毒和排泄到胆汁中会产生胆汁淤积性肝病77。朝鲜蓟在民间医学中作为肝脏保护剂和刺激胆汁流动(胆汁分泌)已经使用了几个世纪,是研究得最好的草药利胆剂。
朝鲜蓟含有几种抗氧化剂,可以防止肝脏氧化损伤,还含有咖啡酰奎宁酸,这些酸已在动物模型中被证明可以刺激胆汁流动78。咖啡酰奎宁酸(Caffeoylquinic)也可能对蓍草花79,80、茴香81和蒲公英82的利胆特性起作用。穿心莲、大蒜、小茴香、生姜、咖喱和芥末叶也被证明可以刺激啮齿动物模型中的胆汁流动或胆汁酸的产生83-86。
更多内容可点击其个性化综合干预方案如下:
- 肝排毒管理要略:
- 肝排毒管理:
以及参阅以下专文了解更多有关的内容:
预防
虽然不可能完全消除所有来源的毒素或毒物接触,包括下列措施可最大限度地降低伤害:- 食用无公害农产品:包括水果、蔬菜等,或者有机农产品。
- 限制食用加工好的食物。高温加工食物可产生许多毒素,食物制成品含多种防腐剂。
- 食物贮存:用不含双酚A(BPA)或邻苯二甲酸盐的容器,不要在塑料容器中直接加热食品。
- 肉类食品:不要高温烘烤,烧焦的肉类禁止食用等。肉类烹调时间过长或反复加热食用很不利健康或有害。
- 住房或办公室:选择环保材料装修及家具,无毒或低毒涂料等,尽量不使用地毯,尤其在潮湿地区。
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参考来源:
美国在线医疗网
www.webmd.com
维基百科
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detoxification
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